Exploring Minority Rights in Islamic Societies: A Comparative Analysis of the Universalistic and Communalist Perspectives

Abstract

The issue of minority treatment within Islamic societies sparks extensive debate, drawing from both classical Islamic jurisprudence and modern interpretations of religious texts. This discourse encompasses divergent viewpoints, notably represented by the Universalistic and Communalist Schools, which offer contrasting perspectives on the rights and status of non-Muslims residing under Islamic governance. Advocating for equal rights irrespective of religious affiliation, the Universalistic School emphasizes mutual respect, equality, and human dignity, echoing the concept of dhimmah for non-Muslims. Conversely, the Communalist School grounds rights on religious identity and contractual agreements, particularly concerning dhimmah. From this viewpoint, citizenship in the Islamic state primarily extends to Muslims, while non-Muslims may acquire similar status through treaties. The Communalist stance often entails the historical practice of imposing jizya, a tax levied on protected non-Muslim subjects, as a condition for obtaining dhimmah. The treatment of minorities in Islamic societies rests on six fundamental rights derived from Islamic teachings, applying universally regardless of religious affiliation. These encompass the rights to life, property, religion, expression, family, and honor. Islam underscores the sanctity of human life and grants individuals the freedom to practice their religion without coercion, fostering kindness and respect towards others. Encouraging the free expression of beliefs and values, Islam also upholds the importance of strong family bonds, including those with minority communities. Upholding the principles of justice and compassion inherent in Islam, historical contexts such as the Ottoman Empire and its millet system provide insights into the balancing act of religious precepts with minority rights. These societies aimed to foster inclusive and equitable environments where diverse religious communities could coexist harmoniously. Grounded in these principles and historical precedents, Islamic societies endeavor to uphold minority rights while remaining faithful to their religious doctrines.